![]() Volume 25 (2003): Number Games and Other Mathematical Recreations - Prague Volume 22 (2005): Muhammad and the Religion of Islam - Life Volume 20 (2005): Geomorphic Processes – Immunity ![]() Volume 19 (2007): Excretion and Excretory Systems - Geometry ![]() Volume 18 (2005): Education - The Theory of Evolution Volume 17 (2005): Decorative Arts and Furnishings - Edison Volume 14 (2005): The Arctic - The Biosphere and Concepts of Ecology Volume 13 (2003): 1st entry: Accounting - Last entry: The History of Western Architecture A more homely example is the pinball machine: the ball’s movements are precisely governed by laws of gravitational rolling and elastic collisions-both fully understood-yet the final outcome is unpredictable.Macropaedia – Knowledge in Depth – Encyclopedia Britannica PDF ![]() For example, the meteorologist Edward Lorenz discovered that a simple model of heat convection possesses intrinsic unpredictability, a circumstance he called the “ butterfly effect,” suggesting that the mere flapping of a butterfly’s wing can change the weather. The common element in these systems is a very high degree of sensitivity to initial conditions and to the way in which they are set in motion. In recent decades, however, a diversity of systems have been studied that behave unpredictably despite their seeming simplicity and the fact that the forces involved are governed by well-understood physical laws. The second notion is that of deterministic motion, as that of a pendulum or a planet, which has been accepted since the time of Isaac Newton as exemplifying the success of science in rendering predictable that which is initially complex. In other words, it was commonly believed that the world is unpredictable because it is complicated. In conventional analyses, randomness was considered more apparent than real, arising from ignorance of the many causes at work. The first is that of randomness or unpredictability, as in the trajectory of a molecule in a gas or in the voting choice of a particular individual from out of a population. A more accurate term, deterministic chaos, suggests a paradox because it connects two notions that are familiar and commonly regarded as incompatible. SpaceNext50 Britannica presents SpaceNext50, From the race to the Moon to space stewardship, we explore a wide range of subjects that feed our curiosity about space!Ĭhaos theory, in mechanics and mathematics, the study of apparently random or unpredictable behaviour in systems governed by deterministic laws.Learn about the major environmental problems facing our planet and what can be done about them! ![]()
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